Kudzivirirwa kwevanhu muGermany

Kuchinja kwekuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu kunoda kusimbiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muGermany

Chete kuburikidza nekuita kwakasimba uye nekudyara kwakakosha ndipo Germany inogona kugadzirira matambudziko emakore anouya nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.

Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvezvinetso izvi uye zvingagadziriswa sei?

Kukura kwematambudziko kubva kumakakatanwa ezvematongerwo enyika nemauto, njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, njodzi huru dzehunyanzvi uye kutyisidzira kwakasanganiswa

Kubva pakatanga mhirizhonga yakavhurika pakati peRussia neUkraine muna Kukadzi 2022, mamiriro ekuchengetedza muEurope achinja zvakanyanya. Nyanzvi dzezvekuchengetedza dzinoyambira kuti mauto eRussia anogona kukwanisa kutanga kurwisa NATO pakupera kwemakore gumi panguva pfupi yapfuura. Mamiriro ezvinhu ekutyisidzira aya anoita kuti dziviriro yeveruzhinji idzokere kumashure, mushure mekuregeredzwa zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura - semuenzaniso, nekuda kwekubviswa kwemasairini, kuvharwa kwemabunkers, uye zvirongwa zvechimbichimbi zvechinyakare.

Pamusoro pekukakavadzana kwemauto, zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanyisa zvinokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kurwiswa kwepamhepo, mishandirapamwe yekuuraya vanhu, uye kurwiswa kunosanganisira zvinhu zvine njodzi zvinounzawo matambudziko ari kukura. Izvi zvinokonzera matambudziko nenjodzi hazviregi pamiganhu yenyika uye zvinokanganisa huwandu hwevanhu zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga.

Germany haisati yave neruzivo rwakakwana rwepokugara kubvira 2007. Haina masisitimu eyambiro emazuva ano, majenareta echimbichimbi akakwana, chikafu nemishonga, uye nyika yese sairini. Nyanzvi nemasangano anobatsira vari kudaidzira mabhiriyoni emaeuro mukudyara kuti vagadzirise michina uye kuve nekugadzirira kushanda.

Mazhinji matanho anoshanda ekusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muGermany

Aya matanho aizosimbisa uye zvinobudirira kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muGermany, kuwedzera kugona kwekuita kana pakaitika dambudziko, nekuvandudza kusimba kwenharaunda yese:

Kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remutemo

Kuti usangane nekutyisidzira kwazvino uye kweramangwana, hurongwa hwemutemo hwekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muGermany hunofanirwa kuve hwakazara hwemazuva ano.

Chinonyanya kutariswa ndechekuvandudza kubatana pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende, kuchinjirwa kweCivil Protection and Disaster Assistance Act (ZSKG) kune mamiriro matsva enjodzi, yunifomu yemitemo yemubatanidzwa yevabatsiri, kusimba kwakasimba kwezvimiro zvekugadzirisa dambudziko uye kukurudzira kuzvidzivirira uye kusimba.

Mukuwedzera kune zvemazuva ano uye kuenzanisa kweZSKG, izvi zvinoreva kunyanya kuti panofanira kuva nemitemo yakajeka pamusoro pekuregererwa, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye kubhadhara mari yevabatsiri vanozvipira.

Mitemo iripo (semuenzaniso, iyo Central Security and Security Act) inofanira kugara ichiongororwa uye kuchinjirwa kumamiriro matsva ekutyisidzira. Chinangwa ndechekuita kuti hurongwa hwemutemo huenderane pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende kudzivirira kukakavara pamwe nekunetsana kwemasimba.

Kuganhurwa kwemabasa pakati pehurumende nehurumende

Kupatsanurana kwakasimba pakati pedziviriro yehurumende (federal) uye kutonga kwenjodzi (nyika) kunokanganisa kuita kwakarongeka mumatambudziko makuru, emuganho. Kugonesa manejimendi ekugadzirisa dambudziko, kurongeka kuri nani uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kudzokororwa kwemasimba muMutemo Wekutanga kunodanwa.

Kuvandudzwa kweFederal Civil Protection uye Disaster Assistance Act (Civil Protection uye Disaster Assistance Act - ZSKG)

Iyo Central Security and Protection Act (ZSKG) inofanirwa kuchinjirwa kumamiriro matsva ekutyisidzira. Izvi zvinoda mirau yakajeka yekutyisidzira kwakasanganiswa, cyberattacks, uye disinformation mishandirapamwe. Pamusoro pazvo, kubatana pakati pevose vane chekuita kunofanirwa kusimbaradzwa.

Federally yunifomu mitemo yevabatsiri

Iko hakuna yunifomu yemutemo mirau ine chekuita nezororo, muripo, kutsiva mabhenefiti, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemagariro kune vabatsiri vanoshandira masangano anobatsira (semuenzaniso, German Red Cross, German Red Cross, German Relief Organisation, uye ASB). Pane chido chekukurumidzira chekuvandudza izvi kuti uve nechokwadi chekugadzirira uye kukurudzira.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko uye kurongeka

Kuti tikwanise kuita nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira pakaitika dambudziko, kugadzwa kweboka repakati pekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda padanho remubatanidzwa (semuenzaniso muFederal Chancellery) inokurudzirwa.

Kusungirwa kuita kudzidziswa kwekudzivirira kwevanhu

Kuti kuwedzere kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda pamatanho ese, vakuru vekanzuru vanofanirwa kupihwa dzidziso yekudzivirira veruzhinji uye kugadzirisa dambudziko.

Mari uye zviwanikwa

Tichifunga nezvekukura kuri kuda kudiwa, mari inoenderera yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, mutero wekuchengetedza vanhu vasingabatanidzi mukuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji uri kukurukurwa.

Kubatanidzwa kwekuzvidzivirira uye kusimba

Kusimbaradza kugona kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuzvibatsira uye kusimudzira kugadzikana mumagariro kunofanirwa kusimbiswa zvirinani mumutemo.

Kuunzwa kweyunifomu yenyika zviyero zvekugadzirisa dambudziko uye kurongeka kwekushanda.

Kudzivirirwa kweveruzhinji kunoshanda kunoda yunifomu, kuyambuka miganhu dambudziko rekugadzirisa dambudziko rinosanganisira vese hurumende, veruzhinji, uye vane chekuita nebhizinesi. Izvi zvinosanganisira maitiro akajairwa, kudzidziswa kwakabatana, uye kurovedza muviri nguva dzose. Neiyi nzira chete ndipo panogona kunyatsogadziriswa njodzi huru dzakadai senjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kudzimwa kwemagetsi, kana kurwisa kwemauto.

Kukurukurirana uye kuwirirana pakati pehurumende nehurumende mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kunogona kuvandudzwa kuburikidza nekubatanidza nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, nzira dzakajeka dzekuita sarudzo, maekisesaizi enguva dzose, masisitimu edhijitari akajairwa, kubatanidza zvachose, mabasa akatsanangurwa zvakajeka, uye hurongwa hwekubatana. Nenzira iyi chete zviwanikwa zvinogona kuunganidzwa uye kutumirwa nekukurumidza uye zvine mutsindo kana pakaitika dambudziko.

Kuvambwa uye kuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzehunyanzvi dzekubatana

Kugadzirwa kwe "Joint Competence Center for Civil Protection" (GeKoB) inhanho yakakosha yekumisa hwaro hutsva, hunosunga hweruzivo, kutaurirana, uye kurongana pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Mapuratifomu akadaro anogonesa kukurumidza uye kurongeka kwekuchinjana ruzivo, kuongororwa kwemamiriro ekubatana, uye kurongeka kwematanho mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi. Kubatanidzwa kunoenderera mberi kwevamiririri vehurumende uye masangano anoshanda (somuenzaniso, masangano anobatsira, Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW), uye madhipatimendi emoto) inokosha.

Kusunga kuita sarudzo uye nzira dzekubatanidza

Nzira dzakajeka dzekuita sarudzo dzakakosha pamatambudziko emunyika. Ndiani achatora kurongeka kwekushanda munjodzi? Zviwanikwa zvichagovewa sei uye mauto akasarudzika achaiswa sei kuyambuka miganhu? Parizvino, mitemo yekusunga inoshaikwa, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kunonoka. Nzira yakafanotsanangurwa yekukurumidza kuita sarudzo uye kugovera zviwanikwa zvakakosha kuti ugone kuita nemazvo munjodzi.

Nguva dzose, maekisesaizi ekubatana uye kudzidziswa

Hurumende yemubatanidzwa neyenyika dzinofanirwa kugara dzichiita maekisesaizi ekusangana kwedambudziko (semuenzaniso, LÜKEX) kuyedza nekugadzirisa kutaurirana uye kuita sarudzo. Uyezve, kudzidziswa kwakabatana uye zvirongwa zvekukodzera zvemamaneja nevashandi vekukurumidzira zvinosimbisa kunzwisisana uye kuvimbana mumamiriro ezvinhu enhamo.

Yakamisikidzwa yedhijitari kutaurirana uye mamiriro ekuziva masisitimu

Kuunzwa uye kushandiswa kwemayunifomu edhijitari masisitimu ekuziva mamiriro, kuchinjana ruzivo, uye kunyevera kwakakosha pakubudirira kugadzirisa dambudziko. Kuziva kwemamiriro edhijitari kwakagovaniswa, senge 306 ° kuziva mamiriro, inopa mapato ese ane chekuita netarisiro yazvino uye inofambisa kurongeka kwemamiriro akaoma. Masisitimu anofanirwa kuenderana nenyika yese uye arambe aripo nguva dzese.

Kubatana nguva dzose uye pa-saiti kuvapo

Iyo yekusingaperi yekubatanidza sisitimu, umo nyika dzese nemasangano akakosha anopa vanhu vanobatana zvachose munzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, inovandudza kutaurirana. Izvi zvinodzivirira kurasikirwa kwemashoko uye kunosimbisa kuvimbana.

Zvakajeka mabasa nechiremera

Hunyanzvi uye chiremera mukati memapuratifomu ekushandira pamwe zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa zvakajeka. Parizvino, vashandi vekutarisira venzvimbo dzehunyanzvi havana mvumo yekupa mirairo kune vamiriri vehurumende. Izvi zvinononotsa kuita sarudzo. Kugadziridzwa kwemutemo kunosimbisa masimba ekuita sarudzo kwakakosha.

Kuvaka kuvimba uye kubatana kwemaitiro ekuvandudza

Kudyidzana kwakavimbika ndihwo hwaro hwekuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji kunoshanda. Kuti ukunde "silo-sezvivakwa," kuvandudza zano rekubatana, kurongeka nguva dzose, uye kutaurirana kwakajeka pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzenyika kwakakosha.

Kugadzirisa kudyidzana pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu

Kudyidzana pakati pehurumende nehurumende mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kunogona kunyatsogadziriswa kuburikidza nekubatanidza zvimiro zvekushandira pamwe, mabasa akajeka, nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi dzakabatanidzwa, kuongororwa kwenjodzi, kurovedza muviri nguva dzose, mitemo yakabatana, mari yakakwana, uye kusimudzira kwakanangwa kwevanozvipira. Nenzira iyi chete ndiyo inogona kuvakwa inoshanda, inochinjika, uye yakagadzikana yekuchengetedzwa kwehurumende iyo inogona kusangana nematambudziko azvino uye emangwana.

Tsanangura mainterface akajeka uye mabasa

Chinhu chakakosha chinodiwa pakudyidzana kunoshanda ndiyo tsanangudzo yakajeka uye inosungirira yenzvimbo, mabasa, uye kugona. Sezvo mabasa ekuchengetedzwa kwehurumende (federal) uye kutonga kwenjodzi (nyika) kazhinji anopindirana, yakajairwa, inokonzeresa-yakazvimiririra yekudzivirira system ine mabasa akajeka inodiwa. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa mukati memubatanidzwa uripo, asi zvinoda kuongororwa kwakadzama uye kugadzirisa kwehwaro hwemutemo.

Kusunga zvisungo zvekushandira pamwe nekubatana

Iyo Federal Audit Hofisi inosimbisa kuti zvakadzama uye kusunga kushandira pamwe pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzenyika kwakakosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvisungo zvakajeka zvezvemari, zvevashandi, uye zvehunyanzvi, izvo kusvika zvino zvagara zvichingovapo nenzira yetsamba dzechinangwa. Chete kana zvisungo zvakadaro zvabvumiranwa panogona kuita muzinda wakabatana wehunyanzvi hwekuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji unogona kusimbiswa uye kushanda.

Kuwedzera majoint structures uye kugona nzvimbo

Zvimiro zviripo zvakaita seJoint Reporting uye Situation Center (GMLZ) kana iyo ichangobva kugadzirwa Joint Competence Center yeCivil Protection (GeKoB) inofanira kuvandudzwa. Aya masangano anogonesa kurongeka kwekugadzirisa dambudziko, kurerutsa kupanana ruzivo uye kukurumidzira maitiro ekuita sarudzo munguva dzenjodzi. Vanofanira kushanda semapuratifomu epakati penjodzi, njodzi uye ruzivo rwemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvakare kupa rutsigiro rwekushanda kana zvichidikanwa.

Joint risk analys, exercises and qualification initiatives

Iyo nyika yese, yakarongeka yekusimba zano yakavakirwa panzwisiso yengozi yekuongorora yakakosha. Zviitwa zvakabatana, kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akamisikidzwa, uye kudzidziswa kwevashandi (kusanganisira vanozvipira) pamatanho ese kunosimbisa kugona kwekushanda uye kukurudzira kunzwisisana pakati pevatambi.

Kuwedzera mune zvemari zviwanikwa

Kuti unyatso shandira pamwe, hurumende yemubatanidzwa neyenyika dzinofanirwa kupa pamwe mari yakakwana, semuenzaniso, yemidziyo, zvekushandisa, uye zvivakwa zvedhijitari. Izvi zvinofanirawo kuratidzwa mune zvakasiyana bhajeti zvinhu.

Chikumbiro chebhajeti chehurumende cha2025 chinopa imwezve miriyoni zana kuFederal Office yeCivil Protection uye Disaster Assistance (BBK), zvichiunza kushandiswa kwemari kusvika kumamiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi mana emadhora. Iyo Federal Agency yeTechnical Relief (THW) ichagamuchira ingangoita €100 miriyoni, zvakare kuwedzera kana ichienzaniswa negore rapfuura. Pakazara, zvisinei, chikamu chekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu mubhajeti remubatanidzwa chinoramba chiri pasi pedanho rinodiwa nenyanzvi nemasangano anobatsira.

Masangano erubatsiro akadai seGerman Red Cross ari kudaidzira kuti chikamu chebhajeti remubatanidzwa chiwedzere kusvika pa0,5 muzana (inoda kusvika 2,4 bhiriyoni pagore). Kudiwa uku kwakavakirwa paongororo yekuti iyi ndiyo chete nzira yekuvimbisa mari inodiwa mumidziyo, zvivakwa, kudzidziswa, digitalization, uye zvirongwa zvekusimba.

Kusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwevagari vemuGermany zvakanyanya, bhajeti remubatanidzwa rekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu raizofanira kuwedzerwa kusvika pa 2025 muzana yebhajeti rese (inenge € 0,5 bhiriyoni pagore) muna Chivabvu 2,4. Inotarirwa mari muzvivakoti, digitalization, kudzidziswa, kusimba kwekusimudzira, uye vashandi vanodiwa kuti vasangane nekuwedzera kwekuda uye kutyisidzira mazinga. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti zviwanikwa zvemazuva ano hazvina kukwana kune izvi.

Kugadziriswa kwakanyanya kwebhajeti kunofanirwa kusanganisira zvinotevera zvinokosheswa:

• Zvishandiso uye zvivakwa: kuvandudzwa uye kuwedzera kwedzimba, magetsi ekukurumidzira, masisitimu ekutaurirana uye mota,
• Digital zvivakwa: kuwedzera uye kuchengetedza redhiyo yedhijitari, kuvandudza kweyambiro maapplication uye dambudziko rekugadzirisa masisitimu.

Kudzidziswa uye kuenderera mberi nedzidzo: - yakazara, yakamisikidzwa kudzidziswa uye kuenderera mberi nedzidzo yemasevhisi ekukurumidzira uye vashandi vekutonga, kusanganisira kurovedza dambudziko,

• Kusimbisa kusimba: Zvirongwa zvekusimudzira kugona kuzvibatsira kweruzhinji, semuenzaniso makosi erubatsiro rwekutanga ane zvekuzvidzivirira, danidziro dzeruzivo uye zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa.

Vashandi: Kuwedzeredzwa kwehunyanzvi hwenguva yakazara uye hwekuzvipira, kusanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye kukurudzira kune vanozvipira.

• Tsvagiridzo uye hunyanzvi: Kudyara mari mukutsvagisa mukutyisidzira kutsva (semuenzaniso cyber, mamiriro ekunze), kuvandudza kwekudzivirira kwehunyanzvi uye pfungwa dzekupindura.

Kuzvidzivirira, kusimba kwevanhu uye dzidzo

Kuzvidzivirira uye kusimba zvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirira huwandu hwevanhu kumatambudziko nenjodzi. MuGermany, kwatove nemaitiro akawanda uye mazano ekuti kuzvidzivirira kunogona sei kusimbiswa.

Chinangwa ndechekugadzirira ruzhinji rwevanhu matambudziko kuburikidza nedzidzo uye zvirongwa zveruzivo, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nekosi yerubatsiro rwekutanga, kudzidzisa kuzvidzivirira uye kurudziro yekugadzirira kwechimbichimbi. Kubatanidza huwandu hwevanhu mukudzidzira uye matanho ekudzivirira kusimbisa mutoro wega.

Kudzidzisa huwandu hwevanhu mumatanho ekuzvidzivirira kuti urambe uchikwanisa kuita mumamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi kunonyanya kukosha.

Kusimbisa kuzvidzivirira munharaunda yeGerman kunowanikwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwekufambisa ruzivo, kudzidziswa kunoshanda, kugovera kwakajeka kwemabasa, kukwidziridzwa kwebasa remunhu uye kudyidzana kwakavandudzwa munharaunda yese. Nenzira iyi chete iyo huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kusimba uye kuita zvinobudirira mumamiriro ezvinhu enhamo.

Izvo zvakakosha zviyero uye zvimiro zvinopfupikiswa pazasi:

Kutamisirwa ruzivo uye unyanzvi

• Huwandu hwevanhu hunofanirwa kuve nehunyanzvi hwekuzvibatsira mumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi.
  
  Izvi zvinosanganisira:
  
  • Kugara wakachengeteka mumamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi
    
  • Maitiro muchiitiko chemakemikari, biological, radiological uye nuclear yenyu (CBRN) zviitiko
    
  • Kugona kuzviriritira (semukuchengeta)
    
  • First aid
    
  • Kurwisa moto
    
• Iyo Federal Hofisi yeCivil Protection uye Disaster Assistance (BBK) inopa yakazara madhairekitori, mabhurocha, uye makosi ekudzidzisa pane iyi nyaya. Makosi akakosha evana nevechidiki anopihwawo kudzidzisa maitiro akakodzera mumamiriro ekukurumidzira kubva paudiki.

Kukurudzira unyanzvi hwekuzvibatsira padanho renzvimbo

• Makanzuru anosungirwa zviri pamutemo kuronga kuzvidzivirira kwevanhu uye kupa basa rakakodzera redzidzo. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
  
  • Dzidzo yekudzivirira moto uye ruzivo rwekuchengetedza moto
    
  • Sangano remakosi ekutanga ekubatsira mukubatana nemasangano anobatsira akadai seGerman Red Cross
    
• Makanzuru anotsigirwa nehurumende yemubatanidzwa neyematunhu pamwe nemasangano anobatsira anozivikanwa

Kuwedzerwa kweruzivo uye masevhisi ekuraira

• Iyo BBK nemamwe masangano anopa hotline, mapuratifomu eruzivo rwedhijitari uye nharembozha dzesevhisi kupa vagari ruzivo rwakanangwa nezve matanho ekuzvidzivirira.
  
• Kusimbaradza kuchinjana kweruzivo pakati pehurumende yemubatanidzwa, nyika, makanzuru uye huwandu hwevanhu ndicho chinangwa chikuru chehurongwa hwekusimbaradza nyika.

Kubatanidzwa kwekuzvidzivirira mune dzidzo

• Kubatanidzwa kwemisoro yakadai sekudzivirira njodzi, rubatsiro rwekutanga uye kuzvibatsira muzvikoro uye mapurogiramu ezvidzidzo zvekunze zvinokurudzira ruzivo uye kukwanisa kuita pakati pevana nevechidiki.
  
• Dzidzo yevakuru uye makosi ekuvandudza nguva dzose zvakakoshawo kuchengetedza ruzivo ruchienderana.

Kukurudzira tsika yebasa remunhu

• Huwandu hwevanhu hunofanirwa kukurudzirwa kuzvichengeta kwete kungovimba nerubatsiro rwehurumende. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
  
  • Kuchengetera zvinhu zve emergency
    
  • Zivo yezvirongwa zvekukurumidzira uye vanobatika
    
  • Kuda kutsigira vavakidzani uye vamwe vanhu
    
• Mitemo yepamutemo inosimbisa kuti kudzivirira kutyisidzira hakusi basa rezviremera chete, asi rinofanirawo kuwedzerwa nematanho ega

Kuvandudza kurongeka kwenharaunda

• Iyo National Resilience Platform inodaidzira kurongeka kuri nani pakati pehurumende yemubatanidzwa, matunhu, maseru nevese vane chekuita navo (bhizinesi, veruzhinji, sainzi) kuitira kusimbisa kusimba zvakazara.
  
• Inosanganisirwa manejimendi enjodzi uye mabasa akajeka akakosha pahurongwa hwekusimbaradza

Kusimbisa kuzvipira

Mamiriro ehurongwa hwebasa rekuzvidira anofanira kuenzaniswa uye kuvandudzwa. Kudzivirirwa kwevanhu muGermany kunonyanya kuitwa nevazvipiri. Kuti vave nechokwadi chekuzvipira kwavo uye kukwezva vazvipiri vatsva, mitemo iri nani yepamutemo, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye rubatsiro rwemari zvakakosha.

Kuzvipira imbiru inokosha yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Nzira yakajairika yekusimudzira, kucherechedza nekuchengetedza vanozvipira inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirira kwavo kwenguva refu kushandira.

Vakakosha

• Kukurudzira mabasa ekuzvipira uye
  
• kurongeka kuri nani uye zvinokurudzira zvinonangwa mumutemo wekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kukwezva vabatsiri vakawanda uye kuvachengeta munguva refu.

Kuwedzera uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa

Kuwedzera kwe siren network uye kuunzwa kwemaitiro eyambiro echizvino-zvino sekutepfenyura kwesero kuitira kukurumidza uye yambiro yakazara yehuwandu. Kugadzwa kweiyo georeferenced yambiro mudziyo regisita uye hesera, pamwe nekumwe kuvandudzwa kwedzimba dzekugara (semuenzaniso, bunkers). Kuvandudzwa kweiyo dhijitari zvivakwa zvekukurukurirana kwedambudziko uye mamiriro ekuongorora.

Integrated crisis management

Kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwekugadzirisa matambudziko akabatanidzwa hunosanganisira hurumende, masangano ehurumende uye vanoita zvehupfumi. Maitiro akamisikidzwa, kudzidziswa kwakabatana uye kurovedza muviri nguva dzose kuvandudza kushandira pamwe pakati pevose vanobatanidzwa.

Kusimbisa hutano hwehutano hwevanhu uye mabasa ekukurumidzira

Zviyero zvehuwandu hwevanhu

Kupihwa kwezvimwe zvekushandisa pakurapa uye kuwedzera kwehutano hwehutano. Kudzidziswa kwehuwandu hwevanhu murubatsiro rwekutanga uye sevabatsiri vevakoti vane zvekuzvidzivirira.

Matanho emabasa ekukurumidzira

Kuburikidza nedzidzo, kudzidziswa uye maekisesaizi, hunyanzvi hwekurapa uye hwekutanga hwepfungwa hwevashandi vekukurumidzira hunosimbiswa.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda

Kubatanidzwa kwakasimba mumambure epasi rose uye kubatirana mukuyamura njodzi dzevanhu.

Kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kuburikidza nedzidzo, kudzidziswa uye maekisesaizi

Kudzidziswa kwakamisikidzwa kwedambudziko rekutonga nehurumende yemubatanidzwa nehurumende

Sarudzo yeVashandi Boka V (AK V) yeMusangano weMakurukota Emukati (IMK) kuunza kudzidziswa kwakamisikidzwa kwekugadzirisa dambudziko padanho remubatanidzwa nerenyika zvinoreva kuti kudzidziswa uye kuenderera mberi nedzidzo yevatambi vese vakakodzera mukugadzirisa dambudziko mune ramangwana richaitwa zvinoenderana neyunifomu, yakabvumirana zviyero. Chinangwa ndechekugadzira isina musono, yakarongeka yekudzidziswa pfungwa inoshanda kune ese mazinga ekutonga - kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa kusvika kumatunhu nemanisiparati - uye iyo haina kana mikaha mune zvemukati kana sangano.

Mapoinzi akakosha ekudzidziswa kwakamisikidzwa manejimendi dambudziko:

• Kuvandudzwa kweyakajairwa, yakarongeka yekudzidziswa pfungwa inovhara ese mazinga uye mabasa mukugadzirisa dambudziko.
  
• Kupa yunifomu yemitemo, yesangano uye inoshanda misimboti kune avo vese vane chekuita nenjodzi zvikwata kana mukudzora njodzi.
  
• Iyo Academy yeCrisis Management, Emergency Planning uye Civil Protection (AKNZ) iri kuwedzerwa senzvimbo yepakati yehunyanzvi inopa masemina, maekisesaizi uye makosi ekudzidzisa, kunyanya kune mamaneja nevanoita sarudzo.
  
• Kudzidziswa kwacho kwakarongwa mumamodule, ane mamodules ekutanga (semuenzaniso mutemo wepamutemo, kugoverwa kwemabasa) uye zvine chekuita nebasa-mamodule akakosha (semuenzaniso kutaurirana, manejimendi ekushanda, social media management).
  
• Kudzidzira maekisesaizi akadai seyekuyambuka-nyika dambudziko rekugadzirisa dambudziko LÜKEX ichave chikamu chakakosha chekudzidziswa kuitira kudzidzisa kubatana pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzenyika nenzira inogoneka.
  
• Kumisikidzwa kwacho kunoitirwa kuvandudza kushandira pamwe kwemhiri kwedhipatimendi, kufambisa kutaurirana nekudyidzana pakati pematanho akasiyana nevatambi, uye kuona maitiro akafanana kana pakaitika dambudziko.
  
• Chinangwa ndechekugara uchiongorora uye kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza kudzidziswa kuitira kuti ugone kupindura zviri nyore kune mamiriro matsva ekutyisidzira.

Kumisikidzwa kunovimbisa kuti vese vatori vechikamu - zvisinei nedunhu remubatanidzwa kana danho rekutonga - vane hunyanzvi uye ruzivo mukugadzirisa dambudziko. Izvi zvinowedzera hunyanzvi, kuterera, uye kushanda zvakanaka kana pakaitika dambudziko uye zvinobatsira pakuona kuti vatambi vese “vanotaura mutauro wakafanana” uye vanokwanisa kushanda pamwe chete zvakanaka munguva yenjodzi.

Kudzidzisa pfungwa

Kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwakanangwa, maekisesaizi enguva dzose uye maekisesaizi echokwadi, ruzivo rwenyanzvi, kugona uye kurongeka kwemasevhisi ekukurumidzira kunosimbiswa. Zvirongwa zvekuwedzera zvehuwandu zvinowedzera kugona kuzvibatsira. Uniform zviyero uye kudzidziswa kwehutungamiriri kunovimbisa hutano hwenguva refu uye kushanda kwekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muGermany.

Kudzidziswa kwakarongeka uye kunoshanda

A systematic training concept ndiyo yakakosha pakuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji. Iyo Federal Hofisi yeCivil Protection uye Disaster Assistance (BBK) inopa nhanho nhatu dzechinangwa ichi, iyo inosanganisira zvakakosha, masisitimu ekudzidzisa, uye chaiyo yekudzidzisa zvinhu. Kudzidziswa kwacho kwakanangana nevashandi vese vekukurumidzira, mamaneja, uye nyanzvi (semuenzaniso, vatyairi veredhiyo, machinists, uye vanobatsira varwere) vanoshanda mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Zvemukati zvakaita semisimboti yemutemo, njodzi dzinounzwa neCBRN (makemikari, biological, radiological, uye nyukireya) zvinhu, matanho ekudzivirira, uye kushandiswa kwemidziyo yakakosha kunodzidziswa.

Kudzidzira nguva dzose uye kwechokwadi

Maekisesaizi anoshanda - ese-saiti-chaiwo uye muchinjika-regional uye muchinjika-sangano - zvakakosha kugadzirira vashandi vekukurumidzira kune emergency. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa inopa kumitengo yezviitwa zvakadaro, izvo zvinogona zvakare kuitwa pamwe chete nezvikamu zvekunze. Aya makosi ekudzidzisa anosimbisa kuvimba mukuita, kushandira pamwe uye kunzwisisa kwemamiriro ekushanda akaomarara.

Kudzidziswa kwehutungamiriri uye kugadzirisa dambudziko

Kudzidziswa kwakanangwa kwemaneja kwakakosha pakugadzirisa njodzi huru. Masemina anokosha uye makosi, semuenzaniso paChikamo cheCrisis Management, Emergency Planning uye Civil Protection (AKNZ), kupa hunyanzvi mukuita sarudzo, kurongeka uye kutaurirana kana pakaitika njodzi. Kusimbiswa kunoiswa pahurongwa hwekubatsira hwakabatanidzwa hunobatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye kutonga kwenjodzi.

Kuzvidzivirira uye dzidzo yeruzhinji

Kwete vashandi vekukurumidzira chete, asiwo veruzhinji vanobatsirikana kubva mukudzidziswa: Makosi erubatsiro rwekutanga ane zvinyorwa zvekuzvidzivirira zvinodzidzisa hunyanzvi hwekugona kuita uye kubatsira wakazvimirira mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Izvi zvinowedzera kusimba mumagariro evanhu uye zvinorerutsa mutoro pamauto enyanzvi munguva yenjodzi.

Kumira uye kuvimbiswa kwehutano

Zviyero zvakarongedzerwa nenyika uye dhizaini pfungwa dzinoona kuti kudzidziswa uye maekisesaizi zvakafanana uye zvemhando yepamusoro. Izvi zvinofambisa kudyidzana pakati pemasangano akasiyana uye nyika dzemubatanidzwa.

Psychosocial emergency emergency mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu: Kukosha kwePSNV-E uye PSNV-B yekugadzirisa mamiriro edambudziko.

Psychosocial emergency care (PSNV) yakazvisimbisa sechinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedzwa kwemazuva ano. Inotarisa pamapoka maviri anotarirwa: PSNV yevashandi vekukurumidzira (PSNV-E) uye PSNV yevanotambudzwa (PSNV-B). Nzvimbo mbiri idzi dzinobatsira zvakanyanya pakuona kugadzikana kwepfungwa kwevanhu uye nharaunda dziri mumatambudziko, kuderedza mhedzisiro yenguva refu yekushungurudza, nekusimbisa kusimba kwese kwese.

PSNV-E uye PSNV-B hazvisi zvekuwedzera, asi system-yakakosha zvikamu zvekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Vanogadzirisa mhedzisiro yematambudziko - kubva mukushungurudzika kwemunhu kusvika pakuparara kwesocial network. Kudyara munzvimbo idzi kunobhadhara kuburikidza nemitengo yakaderera yekutevera muhurongwa hwehutano, kuwedzera kugadzirira kwevabatsiri, uye nzanga yakatsiga. Humwe hunyanzvi uye networking inoramba iri basa rakakosha kusangana nekukura kuri kuita dambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye kusagadzikana kwenyika.

PSNV-E: Dziviriro yevashandi vekukurumidzira

PSNV-E inosanganisira kudzivirira, kutsigira, uye mushure mekuchengetedza matanho evashandi vekukurumidzira kubva kumadhipatimendi emoto, mabasa ekununura, Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW), nemamwe masangano. Chinangwa chayo ndechekudzivirira kushushikana kwepfungwa senge post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) kana kupera simba.

• Kudzivirirwa: Kuburikidza nekudzidziswa mukugadzirisa kushushikana uye kugadzirira kwechokwadi kwekuisa, nzira dzekugadzirisa dzinodzidziswa dzinosimbisa kusimba kwepfungwa.
  
• Pa-saiti rutsigiro: Zvikwata zvePSNV-E zvinopa yakaderera-chikumbaridzo tsigiro, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekudzikisira nhaurirano kana yakarongeka mafomu ekuratidzira akadai seCritical Incident Stress Management (CISM).
  
• Aftercare: Kuchengetedza kwenguva refu kunovimbisa kugadziriswa kwezviitiko zvinoshungurudza uye kuchengetedza kugona kwekushanda kwemasimba.

PSNV-B: Kugadzikana kwevanhu

PSNV-B yakanangana nevanopona, hama, zvapupu, uye vanhu vakashaika zvichitevera njodzi kana njodzi huru. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekutarisira kwekutanga kwepfungwa, iyo inobatsira zvikuru pakudzivirira kushungurudzika mukati memaawa ekutanga e72.

• Emergency aid: Mapoka ekupindira kweCrisis (CIT) anopa kugadzikana kwepfungwa, kupa ruzivo, uye kumisa masocial network.
  
• Rutsigiro rwenguva refu: Kana zvichidikanwa, kutumira kune psychotherapeutic masevhisi kana mapoka ekuzvibatsira anopihwa kudzivirira kusagadzikana kunotevera kusagadzikana.

Kubatanidzwa kwakarongeka mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu

Interdisciplinary kubatana

Kuita kunoda kushandira pamwe kwevanachiremba vepfungwa, vafundisi vekukurumidzira, vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu, uye vashandi vekurapa. Mamodheru akabatanidzwa atovepo muBavaria neSaxony, umo zvikwata zvePSNV zvinosanganisirwa muvashandi vekuraira kuti vaone zvinodiwa kare.

Kukosha kwekugadzirisa dambudziko

Kudzivirirwa kwemigumisiro yenguva refu yekushungurudzika

Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kupindira kwepakutanga kwepfungwa kunoderedza njodzi yePTSD ne30%. Munguva yenjodzi yemafashama ya2021 muAhr Valley, kupindira kwakarongeka kwepfungwa nemagariro kwakaderedza zvakanyanya kushushikana kwepfungwa kwehuwandu, nepo avo vasina kurapwa vangangoita mhedzisiro yenguva refu.

Kudzivirirwa kwezvivakwa zvakakosha

Vashandi vekukurumidzira chinhu chakakosha pakaitika njodzi. PSNV-E inochengetedza hutano hwavo hwepfungwa uye inodzivirira kusavapo. MuEssen, semuenzaniso, huwandu hwehurwere pakati pevanodzima moto hwakadonha ne18% mushure mekuiswa kwezvikwata zvePSNV-E.

Kukurudzira kusimba kwevanhu

PSNV inosimbisa kugona kwenharaunda kubata nematambudziko. Resource activation (semuenzaniso, kuzvidzidzira wega) uye masocial network zvinogadzira "psychosocial buffers" inochengetedza mubatanidzwa kugona kuita chiitiko mumamiriro akasiyana.

Matambudziko azvino uye zvirikuitika

Kugona zvipingamupinyi uye hunyanzvi

Kunyangwe kufambira mberi, kune kushomeka kwevakazara-nguva yePSNV nyanzvi. Iyo BBK inokurudzira kuwedzera zvinzvimbo zvenguva yakazara kudzikisa mutoro uripo wekuzvipira uye kuita zviyero zvemhando mubhodhi.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma

Zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya uye denda zvinoda inoshanduka PSNV pfungwa. Iyo BBK yakagadzira zvinyorwa zvekushandisa panguva yekupisa kwemafungu kana njodzi huru dzakafanana dzinofunga nezvezvinonetsa zvepfungwa zvakaita sekuneta nekupisa kana mhedzisiro yekuvharirwa.

Ndeapi matekinoroji matsva anogona kutsigira kudzidziswa uye maekisesaizi mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu

Civil dziviriro kudzidziswa uye maekisesaizi ari kuwedzera kubatsirwa kubva kudhijitari tekinoroji. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapuratifomu ekudzidza, maturusi ekushandira pamwe nekutaurirana, kuyerwa kwemazuva ano uye tekinoroji yetiweki mumotokari dzenjodzi, uye matekinoroji ekuenzanisa. Aya matekinoroji matsva anogonesa kuchinjika, kwechokwadi uye kwakanyatso kudzidziswa uye maekisesaizi mafomati, nekudaro kusimbisa kugadzirira kwekushanda uye kugona kwemauto ekudzivirira.

Digital kudzidza mapuratifomu uye kudzidza kwakasanganiswa

Zvishandiso zvedhijitari uye mapuratifomu akadai seILIAS anogonesa kudzidziswa kwemazuva ano, anochinjika mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Vanopa mabasa ekutarisira makosi uye vatori vechikamu, kupa zvekudzidza, uye kuitisa online bvunzo (e-assessments). Kudzidza zvemukati manejimendi masisitimu (LCMS) inobvumira zvemukati kugadzirwa, kuchengetedzwa, uye kugovaniswa pakati. Nzira dzekudzidza dzakasanganiswa dzinosanganisa dzidziso yemukirasi, masemina epamhepo, uye zvikamu zvekuzvidzidza zvakatoratidza kubudirira uye kugonesa kudzidziswa kwakanyatsoshanda uye kwakazvimiririra kwenzvimbo.

Virtual seminar makamuri uye maturusi ekubatana

Vhidhiyo masemina emakamuri ane nguva dzekubuda, madhijitari machena, mapinibhodhi uye maturusi ekuongorora (masystem ekupindura vateereri) anosimudzira kubatana uye kupindirana, kunyangwe mukurovedzera muviri. Zvishandiso izvi zvinotsigira basa reboka, zvipfupi zvakayedzerwa uye kubatanidza vatori vechikamu munzvimbo dzese

Kuyera kwemazuva ano uye teknolojia yekukurukurirana

Chizvarwa chitsva cheCBRN reconnaissance mota (CBRN ErkW) ine yakakwira-chaiyo yekuyeresa zviridzwa uye dijitari network. Idzi mota dzinogonesa kuyerwa uchiri kufamba uye nekukurumidza, dhijitari kuendesa mibairo kumayuniti ekuraira. Digital networking inofambisa kurongeka uye kuongororwa kwezviitwa, pamwe nekutevera uye kuongororwa kwemabasa chaiwo ehupenyu.

Simulation matekinoroji uye chaiwo chaiwo (VR)

Kunyange zvazvo pasina mienzaniso yakananga inotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano, kushandiswa kwemichina yekufananidza uye chokwadi chaicho mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu chiri kuwedzera munyika yose. NeVR, zviitiko zvinogoneka zvekushanda zvinogona kudzidziswa zvakachengeteka uye kakawanda. Izvi zvinowedzera kuchengetedzwa kwekushanda kwemasevhisi ekukurumidzira uye kunogonesa kudzidziswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma pasina basa rakakura rekuita.

Virtual chaiyo tekinoroji inopa zvakakosha kuchengetedzwa kwevagari: Vanogonesa kudzidziswa kwakasimba, kwakachengeteka, uye kuchinjika, kunatsiridza kuongorora nekutevera, uye kuvhura nzira nyowani dzekutsigira kwekushanda uye kuronga. Ivo nokudaro vanobatsira zvakanyanya pakuwedzera kuvimbika kwekushanda uye kugadzirira kwemasimba.

Yechokwadi uye yakachengeteka nzvimbo yekudzidzira

Virtual chaiyo (VR) inoita kuti zvikwanise kutevedzera zvine hungwaru uye zvine njodzi zviitiko zvekushanda pasina kuisa mungozi vanhu kana michina. Masevhisi ekukurumidzira anogona, semuenzaniso, kudzidzisa moto, njodzi kana tsaona huru munzvimbo inowanzoitika umo kushushikana, kuomarara uye kudzvanywa kwenguva zvinoteedzerwa. Zviito zvisina kururama hazvina migumisiro yakakomba, izvo zvinobvumira kudzidza kwakachengeteka uye kudzokorora kudzidzira

Flexibility uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko

NeVR, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekushanda anogona kugadzirwa nokukurumidza uye nyore, zvakadai semakamuri akazara neutsi, kuvaka moto kana mamiriro ekununura ane "zero kuonekwa". Mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kudzokororwa kazhinji sezvaunoda uye zvisinei nenzvimbo uye kuchinjirwa kune zvakanangana kudzidziswa zvinodiwa

Kushandisa zvakanaka zviwanikwa nenguva

Mukupesana neakaomesesa echokwadi-yehupenyu maekisesaizi nevatambi kana yakakura midziyo, VR inochengetedza nguva nemari. Iko hakuna kupfeka uye kubvarura pazvinhu, uye maekisesaizi anogona kuitwa zvisinei nemamiriro ekunze kana nguva yezuva. Pamusoro pezvo, VR inobvumira kukurumidza kugadzirisa kwedanho rekuomerwa uye kudzokororwa kwakanangwa kwemaitiro akakosha

Kuongorora kwakadzama uye mhinduro yega yega

VR masisitimu anorekodha mafambiro nezviito zvevatori vechikamu. Izvi zvinobvumira kutsanangurwa kwakadzama-kwechiito ongororo uye yakanangwa kukanganisa kuongororwa. Vadzidzisi vanogona kudzokorora chiito chega chega uye kupa mhinduro yega yega, vachiwedzera zvakanyanya kudzika kwekudzidziswa uye kubudirira kwekudzidza.

Mikana yakawedzerwa yekudzidziswa kwechikwata nekutaurirana

Kudzidziswa kweVR kunosimudzira kushanda pamwe chete, sevashandi vakawanda vekukurumidzira vanogona kushanda pamwechete mukufananidza. Kurukurirano netsinhirano zvinogona kuitwa sezvazviri, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma akadai semigariro yokutapwa kana kuti ngwavaira huru.

Rutsigiro rwekushanda kuburikidza nekutarisira mashandiro ari kure

Maitiro matsva akadai sekuraira kwechiitiko chiri kure neVR anobvumira vatungamiriri kuti vaende kunzvimbo yechiitiko uye kutsigira vashandi vekurumidzira kure. Drones inopa 360 ° mifananidzo uye laser scans, iyo inogadziriswa munguva chaiyo kugadzira inomiririra chaiyo yechiitiko chiitiko. Izvi zvinobvumira vatungamiriri vezviitiko kuita sarudzo dzekutanga uye kugovera zviwanikwa nenzira yakanangwa.

Digital bvunzo uye evaluation masisitimu

Maturusi ekuongorora epamhepo anobvumira manejimendi uye otomatiki kuongororwa kwebvunzo. Izvi zvinobvumira kufambira mberi kwekudzidza kunyatsoongororwa uye kunyorwa, izvo zvinonyanya kubatsira kune huwandu hukuru hwevatori vechikamu uye zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvakaiswa.

Onawo:

• Civil protection
• Kugadzirira njodzi
• Civil Defense
• Kuchengeteka kwemukati
• Chengetedzo yekunze
• Civil-Military Cooperation (CMC)
• European Training Center Alliance (ETCA)

matura:

• Federal Office of Civil Protection uye Disaster Assistance (BBK)
• Federal Government: KatRiMa - Disaster Risk Management
• BBK: Nyowani zano rekuchengetedza huwandu hwevanhu muGermany
• German Bundestag, Scientific Service, The Development of Civil Protection muGermany, WD-3-154-21-pdf-data.pdf